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From paintings and food to illness and icebergs, science is happening everywhere. Rather than follow the path of a syllabus or textbook, Andrew Morris takes examples from the science we see every day and uses them as entry points to explain a number of fundamental scientific concepts – from understanding colour to the nature of hormones – in ways that anyone can grasp. While each chapter offers a separate story, they are linked together by their fascinating relevance to our daily lives.

Popular science --- atoms --- substances --- science --- compounds --- popular science --- Electron --- Gravity --- Hormone --- Molecule --- Neuron

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Biologically active small molecules have increasingly been applied in plant biology to dissect and understand biological systems. This is evident from the frequent use of potent and selective inhibitors of enzymes or other biological processes such as transcription, translation, or protein degradation. In contrast to animal systems, which are nurtured from drug research, the systematic development of novel bioactive small molecules as research tools for plant systems is a largely underexplored research area. This is surprising since bioactive small molecules bear great potential for generating new, powerful tools for dissecting diverse biological processes. In particular, when small molecules are integrated into genetic strategies (thereby defining “chemical genetics”), they may help to circumvent inherent problems of classical (forward) genetics. There are now clear examples of important, fundamental discoveries originating from plant chemical genetics that demonstrate the power, but not yet fully exploited potential, of this experimental approach. These include the unraveling of molecular mechanisms and critical steps in hormone signaling, activation of defense reactions and dynamic intracellular processes. The intention of this Research Topic of Frontiers in Plant Physiology is to summarize the current status of research at the interface between chemistry and biology and to identify future research challenges. The research topic covers diverse aspects of plant chemical biology, including the identification of bioactive small molecules through screening processes from chemical libraries and natural sources, which rely on robust and quantitative high-throughput bioassays, the critical evaluation and characterization of the compound’s activity (selectivity) and, ultimately, the identification of its protein target(s) and mode-of-action, which is yet the biggest challenge of all. Such well-characterized, selective chemicals are attractive tools for basic research, allowing the functional dissection of plant signaling processes, or for applied purposes, if designed for protection of crop plants from disease. New methods and data mining tools for assessing the bioactivity profile of compounds, exploring the chemical space for structure–function relationships, and comprehensive chemical fingerprinting (metabolomics) are also important strategies in plant chemical biology. In addition, there is a continuing need for diverse target-specific bioprobes that help profiling enzymatic activities or selectively label protein complexes or cellular compartments. To achieve these goals and to add suitable probes and methods to the experimental toolbox, plant biologists need to closely cooperate with synthetic chemists. The development of such tailored chemicals that beyond application in basic research can modify traits of crop plants or target specific classes of weeds or pests by collaboration of applied and academic research groups may provide a bright future for plant chemical biology. The current Research Topic covers the breadth of the field by presenting original research articles, methods papers, reviews, perspectives and opinions.

Plant-pathogen interaction --- High-Throughput Screening --- agricultural biotechnology --- plant growth regulator --- Chemical Genetics --- bioactive small molecule --- Target identification --- Chemical Biology --- Plant immune response --- phytohormone

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Biologically active small molecules have increasingly been applied in plant biology to dissect and understand biological systems. This is evident from the frequent use of potent and selective inhibitors of enzymes or other biological processes such as transcription, translation, or protein degradation. In contrast to animal systems, which are nurtured from drug research, the systematic development of novel bioactive small molecules as research tools for plant systems is a largely underexplored research area. This is surprising since bioactive small molecules bear great potential for generating new, powerful tools for dissecting diverse biological processes. In particular, when small molecules are integrated into genetic strategies (thereby defining “chemical genetics”), they may help to circumvent inherent problems of classical (forward) genetics. There are now clear examples of important, fundamental discoveries originating from plant chemical genetics that demonstrate the power, but not yet fully exploited potential, of this experimental approach. These include the unraveling of molecular mechanisms and critical steps in hormone signaling, activation of defense reactions and dynamic intracellular processes. The intention of this Research Topic of Frontiers in Plant Physiology is to summarize the current status of research at the interface between chemistry and biology and to identify future research challenges. The research topic covers diverse aspects of plant chemical biology, including the identification of bioactive small molecules through screening processes from chemical libraries and natural sources, which rely on robust and quantitative high-throughput bioassays, the critical evaluation and characterization of the compound’s activity (selectivity) and, ultimately, the identification of its protein target(s) and mode-of-action, which is yet the biggest challenge of all. Such well-characterized, selective chemicals are attractive tools for basic research, allowing the functional dissection of plant signaling processes, or for applied purposes, if designed for protection of crop plants from disease. New methods and data mining tools for assessing the bioactivity profile of compounds, exploring the chemical space for structure–function relationships, and comprehensive chemical fingerprinting (metabolomics) are also important strategies in plant chemical biology. In addition, there is a continuing need for diverse target-specific bioprobes that help profiling enzymatic activities or selectively label protein complexes or cellular compartments. To achieve these goals and to add suitable probes and methods to the experimental toolbox, plant biologists need to closely cooperate with synthetic chemists. The development of such tailored chemicals that beyond application in basic research can modify traits of crop plants or target specific classes of weeds or pests by collaboration of applied and academic research groups may provide a bright future for plant chemical biology. The current Research Topic covers the breadth of the field by presenting original research articles, methods papers, reviews, perspectives and opinions.

Plant-pathogen interaction --- High-Throughput Screening --- agricultural biotechnology --- plant growth regulator --- Chemical Genetics --- bioactive small molecule --- Target identification --- Chemical Biology --- Plant immune response --- phytohormone

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This brief discusses the mechanism of functional expression of a protein or protein complex utilizing the ATP hydrolysis cycle or proton-motive force from a unique point of view focused on the roles of water. A variety of processes are considered such as the unidirectional movement of a linear-motor protein along a filament, insertion of an unfolded protein into a chaperonin and release of the folded protein from it, transport of diverse substrates across the membrane by a transporter, and directed rotation of the central subunit within a rotatory motor protein complex. These topics are discussed in a unified manner within the same theoretical framework. The author argues that water plays imperative roles in the functional expression of these molecular machines. A pivotal factor is the entropic force or potential originating from the translational displacement of water molecules coexisting with the molecular machines in the entire system.

Chemistry. --- Physical chemistry. --- Proteins. --- Biophysics. --- Statistical physics. --- Dynamical systems. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Single Molecule Studies, Molecular Motors. --- Protein-Ligand Interactions. --- Statistical Physics, Dynamical Systems and Complexity. --- Molecular machinery. --- Molecular dynamics. --- Dynamics, Molecular --- Dynamics --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- RNA-ligand interactions. --- Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics. --- Complex Systems. --- Statistical Physics and Dynamical Systems. --- Physics --- Mathematical statistics --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Statistical methods --- Biological physics. --- Proteins . --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Mechanics --- Statics --- Proteids --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics --- Biological physics --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry

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Leerwerkboek natuurwetenschappen voor het eerste leerjaar van de tweede graad tso, afgestemd op de nieuwe leerplannen Sociale en technische en wetenschappen (leerplan 2015/015), LO/sport en Topsport (leerplan 2015/014).

Natuurwetenschappen ; secundair onderwijs ; leermiddelen --- 485.4 --- Fysica --- natuurwetenschappen --- leerboeken --- secundair onderwijs --- Natuurwetenschappen ; secundair onderwijs --- Natuurkunde - Scheikunde - Biologie --- Schoolbooks - Didactic material --- handboeken secundair onderwijs --- PXL-Education 2016 --- Natuurwetenschappen --- 3e leerjaar secundair onderwijs --- Technisch secundair onderwijs --- Biologie --- Moleculen --- Chemische bindingen --- Periodiek systeem der elementen --- Massadichtheid --- Krachten (fysica) --- Energie --- Geluiden --- Textiel --- 2e graad secundair onderwijs --- Kunstsecundair onderwijs --- Chemie --- Mengsels --- Materie --- Vermogen --- Elektromagnetisme --- Geluidstrillingen --- Licht --- Lenzen --- Spiegels --- Gehoor --- Spieren --- Klieren --- Zenuwstelsel --- 4e leerjaar secundair onderwijs --- Chemische stoffen --- Chemische reacties --- Koolstofverbindingen --- Biodiversiteit --- Ecologie --- Druk --- Thermodynamica --- Molecule --- Chemische Binding --- Periodiek systeem --- Kracht (fysica) --- Geluid --- Belasting (fiscaal) --- Drukdrager --- Kleding --- Ontwerpen --- Design --- Stof (chemie) --- Mengsel (chemie) --- Vermogen (bezittingen) --- Geluidstrilling --- Lens --- Spiegel --- Spier --- Klier --- Donker --- Grafische sector --- Chemische reactie --- Gezondheidszorg --- Druktechniek --- Bouwsector --- Stadsvernieuwing --- Koolstofverbinding --- Onderzoek (wetenschap) --- Vermogen (capaciteit) --- #BSCH: vak: Natuurwetenschappen --- #BSCH: vak: wetenschappen --- #BSCH: vak: natuurwetenschappen